Monday, December 30, 2019

Aldous Huxley s Brave New World - 1334 Words

o read Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World is to understand the fear for the future during the 1930’s. Widely considered ahead of its time, Brave New World is one of the most influential novels regarding the destructive outcome of genetic and public manipulation through regime control. The story contrasts two worlds: the traditional world where the â€Å"savages† reside and the new World State: a negative utopia where unrestrained sexual freedom, reproductive technology, and mind numbing drugs run rampant. Aldous Huxley was born in England, July 26, 1894 to an elite family of revered social status (â€Å"Aldous†). Being born into a family of physicians and biologists, young Aldous was expected to pursue a career in medicine and science, yet couldn’t because of childhood blindness (J. Huxley). Writing came easily to Huxley, and is best known for his novel, Brave New World and Brave New World Revisited. The Doors of Perception was also a popular publication of Huxley’s, which documents his experience while hallucinating on mescaline (â€Å"Aldous†). This short book would eventually inspire musician Jim Morrison, who named his band The Doors. Brave New World is a novel of dystopian fiction written in 1931 and published in 1932, a relatively brief amount of time for a cult classic (J. Huxley). After the novel was first published, it was banned in Ireland and India due to its sexual and oppressive nature (â€Å"Aldous†). When Huxley wrote Brave New W orld in 1931 it was at the beginning of aShow MoreRelatedAldous Huxley s Brave New World1329 Words   |  6 PagesIn Aldous Huxley, Brave New World, life is peaceful without any rebellion from its citizens. The society is called ‘The World State’, where scientist can finally produce eggs, without women getting pregnant. As a result, there is no such thing as a â€Å"family†, and the word ‘Mother’ and ‘Father’ are consider as obscene. â€Å". . . the loathsomeness and moral obliquity of childbearing –– merely gross, a scatological rather than a pornographic impropriety† (Huxley 159). They use the Bokanovsky Process, inRead MoreAldous Huxley s Brave New World1080 Words   |  5 PagesComplete Control† Today, one s perceptions of happiness are more often than not associated with material achievements, advancements, or perhaps, love. In Brave New World, however, happiness is based upon the pursuit of stability and emotional equilibrium Aldous Huxley s dystopian novel, Brave New World serves as a warning of the ominous. Set in London, the totalitarian regime instills the motto of stability, community, [and] identity(Huxley.1.1) in its citizens. Huxley s dystopia attempts to findRead MoreAldous Huxley s Brave New World Essay1800 Words   |  8 PagesAccording to Webster’s New World Dictionary, bravery is â€Å"possessing or exhibiting courage or courageous endurance† (Agnes 178). Oftentimes, people are commended for acts of bravery they complete in the heat of a moment or overcoming a life-changing obstacle. Rarely one is commended for simply living a brave life, facing challenges they do not even understand. The characters in the Aldous Huxley’s Brave New Wor ld live a peculiar lifestyle demonstrating bravery for just breathing. Although Huxley’sRead MoreAldous Huxley s A Brave New World1649 Words   |  7 PagesAldous Huxley has presented us a compelling story in the 20th-century called a Brave New World. One of the most notable dystopian novels, it calls for a reader to conceptualize a world, in which society and science are synonymous with each other, history had faded far into obscurity, and Henry Ford, the creator of the assembly line, becomes a deity to many uniformed individuals. The book was about how humans are no longer created by the conventional means of mating, rather artificially, throughRead MoreAldous Huxley s Brave New World1904 Words   |  8 PagesAldous Huxley’s Brave New World, published in 1932, is a masterpiece of science fiction. His imagined, dystopian state creatively employs facts and theories of science, as well as his very own thinly-veiled commentary on the future of society. His family backg round and social status, in addition to molding Huxley himself and his perspective, no doubt made impact on his writing and contributed to the scientific accuracy of his presentation. However, Huxley certainly qualifies as a social commenterRead MoreAldous Huxley s Brave New World1564 Words   |  7 Pages Envision a world where everybody is happy, there is no sorrow or suffering, no fear of death, no misery, everything is pleasant, and the government doles out happy pills, known as Soma. Aldous Huxley’s novel â€Å"Brave New World† describes this world. Is everyone truly happy, and what do the citizens sacrifice in exchange for living in this utopia? Huxley helped shape the modern mind with provocative theories about humankind s destiny, and he was concerned with the possible social and moral implicationsRead MoreAldous Huxley s Brave New World1038 Words   |  5 PagesAldous Huxley, the author of Brave New World, portrays a World State that has made consumption one of its centerpieces. Economic stability is essential to the effectiveness of the World State. They are brainwashed by advertisements and organizations that make them feel as though they are free. The people within the World State continuously consume because of the conditioning they obtained when they were younger. They are educated that when an object or good is in need of fixing, they must get ridRead MoreAldous Huxley s Brave New World2645 Words   |  11 PagesTimes: Aldous Huxley was born into a family of renowned scientists in 1894. He lost his mother at age 14, became virtually blind due to illness three years later, and lost his older brother to suicide at age 21. Despite these setbacks, he went back to school after dropping out of Eton and earned a degree in English literature from Oxford. Because of his blindness, he was not able to do the scientific research he had previously wanted to do, and turned to writing. He wrote Brave New World in fourRead MoreAldous Huxley s Brave New World2041 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"I wanted to change the world. But I have found that the only thing one can be sure of changing is oneself†- Aldous Huxley. Throughout Aldous Huxley’s life he encountered malicious experiences that changed him drastically. He found out that he was a great writer through the dreadful and exceptional events in his life. In the novel Brave New World, Huxley uses conflict and characterization to illustrate how the adv ancement of technology can potentially cause human destruction and how individual motivationRead MoreAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s Brave New World1420 Words   |  6 Pagesexcessive effort to become perfect can be counteractive and lead to dysfunctionality. In Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, characters live in a dystopian society that sprouted from the human yearning for perfection. Although the citizens in Brave New World are genetically engineered to be perfect individuals and are on soma constantly to keep them happy and efficient, they lack individuality.. Brave New World is a novel that clearly demonstrates that trying to create a perfect society can result in

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Europeans in Jamaica - 1509 Words

When did they come? Jamaica was first colonized by a native group of South American origin who, in the early history of Jamaica, called their home a paradise of wood and water. The Arawak were there to greet Christopher Columbus when he arrived in Jamaica in 1494, beginning a long period of European colonization there. The history of Jamaica as a European outpost saw the island under Spanish rule for 150 years, during which the city now known as Spanish Town was established and flourished as the colonys economic hub. In the 1650s, Jamaica was captured by the British. Despite turning Jamaica into a profitable colony, continued harassment by a group of ex-slaves - brought over throughout the Spanish period and set free during their†¦show more content†¦They were laborers on plantations, domestic servants, and skilled artisans (tradesmen, technicians, and itinerant traders). The wealth created in Jamaica by the labor of black slaves has been estimated at  £18,000,000, more than half of the estimated total of  £30,000,000 for the entire British West Indies. It has been postulated that the profit generated by the triangular trade (involving sugar and tropical produce from the British Caribbean colonies, the trade in manufactured goods for slaves in Africa, and the trade of slaves in the British Caribbean) financed the Industrial Revolution in Britain. More than 1 million slaves are estimated to have been transported directly from Africa to Jamaica during the period of slavery; of these, 200,000 were reexported to other places in the Americas. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the Akan, Ga, and Adangbe from the northwestern coastal region known as the Gold Coast (around modern Ghana) dominated the slave trade to the island. Not until 1776 did slaves imported from other parts of Africa-Igbos from the Bight of Biafra (southern modern Nigeria) and Kongos from Central Africa-outnumber slaves from the Gold Coast. But slaves from these regions represented 46 percent of the total number of slaves. The demand for slaves required about 10,000 to be imported annually. Thus slaves born in Africa far outnumbered those who were born in Jamaica; on average they constituted more than 80 percent ofShow MoreRelatedJamaicas Original Inhabitants Were The Arawak Indians1046 Words   |  5 Pages Jamaica s original inhabitants were the Arawak Indian s, who called the island Xaymaca, meaning either â€Å"land of wood and water† or â€Å"land of springs.† Columbus landed on the island in 1494. The Arawaks were decimated within a few decades by European diseases and the harsh life settlers imposed on them. The Spanish occupied the island until 1655, when it was captured and colonized by the English. By the late 17th century, the English had established sugarcane plantations and were importing large numbersRead More History of Jamaica Essay1402 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Jamaica Columbus discovered Jamaica on May 5, 1494, one year after he heard of the existence of the island. However, the true history of Jamaica begins with the African-Jamaican people who came to the island twenty years after the English took control from the Spaniards. The history of Jamaica can be broken up into different time periods, which were defined by watershed moments or events. Jamaican historyRead MoreOverview of Cultural Anthropology1117 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Cultural Anthropology The nature of the culture: farming, hunting, gathering, fishing, cattle raising, industrialization etc. The uses and measures of wealth. Jamaica has a history of farming, hunting, gathering and fishing going back to colonial days. This is when the British colonized the country in order to provide them with a number of agricultural products they could sell on the world markets. The most notable include: sugar cane, coffee, bananas, yams, citrus fruits, vegetables and fishRead More Colonialism in the Caribbean Essay1563 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Spanish. According to Mintz, the Hispanic Caribbean was settled by Europeans who had come to stay and to become creoles; nowhere and at no time in the Hispanic islands did African slaves ever outnumber freeman of European origin (Mintz 28). Therefore, contemporary Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and Cuba are all very culturally diverse places who all have distinctive combinations of African, Native American, and European influences. For historical reasons, different regions of these islandsRead MoreEconmics973 Words   |  4 Pagesdistinguishing where we are and where we are g oing. For this assignment our CLC will take a look and begin to better understand how Germany has developed, while simultaneously understanding how Jamaica is developing. Our CLC group will prepare a report incorporating the following information on Germany and Jamaica. We will employ the country s top five exported and imported products for the most recent year available. Furthermore, we will employ the country s top five trading partners. Note it is importantRead MoreEssay on Jamaica: History, Government, People, Religion1238 Words   |  5 PagesJamaica: History, Government, People, Religion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jamaica is a tropical island, located in the heart of the Caribbean Sea. Around the coastlines are beautiful beaches with crystal clear blue-green water. In some respects, this is the majority of what people know about Jamaica. In this orientation text you will better understand Jamaica’s history, the people who live there, the many different religions, geography, and governments that have ruled the land.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The land of Jamaica is veryRead MoreJamaican History Essay1309 Words   |  6 PagesJamaica: History, Government, People, Religion Jamaica is a tropical island, located in the heart of the Caribbean Sea. Around the coastlines are beautiful beaches with crystal clear blue-green water. In some respects, this is the majority of what people know about Jamaica. In this orientation text you will better understand Jamaicas history, the people who live there, the many different religions, geography, and governments that have ruled the land. The land of Jamaica is very small. TheRead MoreThe Island Of Jamaica, Jamaica1464 Words   |  6 Pagesproject I chose the island of Jamaica, a place that I have been longing to visit for quite sometime. Jamaica is an island that is a part of the Greater Antilles located 90 miles south of Cuba and 100 miles west of Haiti. The island has an area of 4,243 square miles and a 635-mile coastline. This beautiful island is covered in rugged mountains, with some being volcanic, and has its highest peak on Blue Mountain at 7,401 feet! (Briney) As of July 2014 the population of Jamaica is 2,930,050 people, whichRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Bay Leaves And Cinnamon Sticks1244 Words   |  5 Pages pathos, and logos. Jamaica, formerly known as â€Å"Xaymaca† is where Millie is from, and where she leaves her family while she works to support them in New York. Like other civilizations, In the 1400’s, European powers colonized Jamaica. Precisely, Christopher Columbus and the Spaniards, they were the ones to extort, deprive, and execute the inhabitants. Furthermore, even though slavery in Jamaica ended in 1808, England was still in control, important politicians in Jamaica helped push towards JamaicanRead MoreGateway to Sexual Attraction1235 Words   |  5 Pagesbyproduct of deep-seated and haunting identity trauma inflicted by Europeans through slavery and colonialism of the Americas and Caribbean. Due to this trauma, women have interpreted bleaching their skins as a way to increase their sexual attractiveness. Colorism, as defined by Margaret Hunter of the Sociology and Anthropology Department of Mills College is â€Å"a function of racism and social stratification, first introduced by Europeans during the colonization of the New World.† Through colorism, an

Saturday, December 14, 2019

School Violence Cause and Remedies Free Essays

School Violence : Causes And Remedies Educators and policy makers have been grappling with the issue of violence in schools for decades, . Educators, psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, political scientists, anthropologists, and sociologists have all weighed in on the possible causes. Sifting through the theories can be overwhelming, and implementing effective violence prevention programs is often frustrating. We will write a custom essay sample on School Violence: Cause and Remedies or any similar topic only for you Order Now No wonder, then, that teachers and administrators often feel defeated when they confront the dangerously aggressive behavior of some pupils. According to a federal survey. Seventy-one percent of all public elementary and secondary schools reported at least one violent incident during the 1999-2003 school years. Causes: Violent behavior and the intent to act violently are potential symptoms of numerous psychiatric disorders. Conduct Disorder, a state of persistent disregard for social conventions and rules and manifesting as criminal and antisocial behavior before the age of 18, is perhaps the most frequently mentioned diagnosis among violent youth. In addition substance abuse and dependence can contribute substantially to violent acts, either by reducing inhibitions among otherwise nonviolent students or by creating a climate through drug transactions in which violence is central. More rarely, impulsive behavior found in conditions such as Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder can lead to violent outbursts. Finally, diagnoses such as Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Antisocial Personality Disorder, and a range of psychotic disorders have been associated with the development of violent behavior among youth. In addition to certain psychiatric diagnoses, characteristics such as low verbal IQ, immature moral reasoning, poor parental modeling, poor social skills, and lack of social supports have all been associated with the development of violent behavior in children. Studies examining characteristics particular to the school environment have found that a weakly structured school and a student’s poor academic performance, low commitment to education, and, perhaps most important, poor attachment to the school are all strong indicators of potential violence. In addition, schools that tolerate physical and social aggression, especially when perpetrated by elite student groups within the school, are increasingly at risk for the outbreak of violence on or around school grounds. These characteristics alone are not sufficient to predict the occurrence of violence. Remedies: Clinicians and school officials must pay special attention to potential motives for and means of committing violence. They must be willing to discuss provocative and threatening journal writing and art projects with students and with designated school authorities who decide what actions to take to protect the student and the school. Listening to students who express concern about another student’s behavior is particularly important. Ignoring violent behavior or wanting to let â€Å"someone else† deal with the problem is a normal parental reaction. Discussing with your child ways to protect themselves is not â€Å"scaring† them unnecessarily, but is equipping your child to not be a victim. There are things you can do to help your child if the unthinkable does occur. Studies of extremely violent behavior in schools have found that those who commit high-profile acts of violence have almost always made their intentions known to peers through direct or indirect communications. Educators must foster a setting in which students are comfortable making their concerns known to teachers and peers. Interventions both to curb and to address student violence must be multifaceted. Serious psychiatric disorders indicate the need for counseling and possibly medication. The treatment plan must integrate legal considerations. Recent innovative approaches show promise for addressing violent behavior in schools. One of them is Multi systemic Treatment, which involves multiple and active interventions for young people who commit violence, has attracted increasing attention during the past decade. Schools are an important setting for addressing violent youth, and the extent to which students feel attached to their school has direct bearing on the likelihood of later and ongoing violence. Schools, therefore, are a necessary part of the complicated equation that will ultimately make learning and development safer and more rewarding for everyone. How to cite School Violence: Cause and Remedies, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Exploring Learning Styles and Identifying

Question: Discuss about the Exploring Learning Styles and Identifying. Answer: Introduction: Intelligence is the ability to use the acquired knowledge and skills in daily activities. As a student information is needed to put into actions, the different lessons learn in the class in real life situations. It will directly help in solving problems encountered in the learning process. The theory to look at in this case is the theory of multiple intelligence by Howard Gardener. According to a gardener, there are eight criteria to explain the knowledge of human beings exhibited in the learning process. Gardner noted that intelligence was the ability of an individual create and solve any problem with ease or make products which will bring value to the society (Campbell Dickinson, 1999). The eight multiple bits of intelligence identified by Gardener are: Verbal/Linguistic It is the ability of a person to understands different words and languages in the name. Individuals with high verbal intelligence showed excellent oratory skills and will be able to communicate well with difference persons in the community. This information can be enhanced by lecturers by them encouraging group discussions, debates, play words, etc. Verbal information is needed in all learning institutions or environment to enable better communication and avoid any misunderstanding among the learners themselves and their tutors. Logical/Mathematical Logical intelligence is the ability to reason critically and get a decision of a problem. People with this intelligence have the capacity to solve problems by analyzing them and getting the permanent solution required. This information is essential to students as they learn to enable them critical decisions and also allow them to pass in their studies. Teachers can encourage this by promoting the use of programmed computer language, critical decision activities, etc. Visual/Spatial Visual intelligence is the ability to see things clearly and interpret them according to without any disparity. People who exhibit this intelligence are very creative and imaginative. Arises from their capacity to learn from visual media for example movies, pictures, and videos with ease. These only denote the ability to see something and make a better rational judgment. People with this intelligence imagine things, pretend about things and most of the time day dream (Barry, 1997). Bodily/Kinesthetic These are the knowledge shown by people through the sensation they feel in their body. They include the ability of people to dance well, body stature that makes some people muscular and well suited for certain games and sports. Individuals with this skill can manipulate their body to their advantage and achieve high results. Teachers can enhance this by encouraging body language in the learning process and also students' involvement in physical exercises (Pishghadam, 2009). Naturalistic Naturalistic intelligence is depicted by an individual ability to identify the things in the environment with ease. It is a capacity to master plants, animals, and minerals well in a unique way. These are the knowledge of the environment around you. People with this intelligence are great thinkers and show high skills and aware of the environment around them. Musical Intelligence These are the ability of an individual to know and use musical instruments with ease. People possessing this information can play different musical instruments well. These people can interpret tones, rhythm, musical pitches, timbre to be able to compose music. The sound is useful to enable one has real musical intelligence. The teachers should facilitate this information by incorporating music in the students learning a process and encouraging them to create lyrics of the studies learned in the classes (Cope Mayer, 1996). Interpersonal The ability to associate well with others in the learning institutions is critical. Interpersonal intelligence enables one know the emotions, moods and likes and dislikes of other people. These ensure good personal relationship with the other people. A person with this skill can relate well with other people and little misunderstanding with them. Teachers can encourage by teaching the students how to connect with each other and the benefits of healthy relationships. Intrapersonal Intrapersonal intelligence is the ability of a person to understand oneself. These can be regarding likes and dislikes, different moods and abilities in various aspects. It will guide a person to do things they like and can avoid difficulties and emotional stress. The ability of a person to understand oneself makes him not collide with others in his operations and able to have a better decision for problems. The more one knows himself the most advantageous it is in the execution of different duties. Teachers should motivate their students to be aware of themselves and have high personal esteem. As a student, these visual and musical intelligence skills will help me know the career to take whether musical or mathematical depending on my ability to learn with ease. First, interpersonal intelligence will enable me to know my personal skills to be able to follow a career can perform well and my favorite to avoid future disappointments due to poor performance. Learning institutions are composed of different students with different behaviors, and intrapersonal skill will help me know well to relate with my colleagues. These will by learning what they like and dislikes. Skill Identification and Development Area for development What does this mean? Give a short personal example Your strategy to improve in this area How can you measure your progress? Category Skill 1 Organising Planning Setting and Achieving goals This is having proper planning of my career execution. This can be through setting goals and achieving them effectively. As student am required to achieve the goals of my academic career. This is only achievable through timely planning and strict observance to the set plans. Review my plans and see their applicability. Checking how I have achieved my set goals and how the planned activities are executed. Good planning will ensure that the goals are achieved accordingly. 2 Communication And linguistic Questioning Clarity of expression It is getting all questions answered and ability to express oneself effectively All questions as pertaining may career should be well answered to aid in exams and also I should be able to express myself well during interactions will other students Research on problems and train on clarity. Checking the relationship with the other students. Good relationships indicate good expression. Good grades in my career meaning that all the questions were well answered and I understood properly 3 Social group Networking Evaluation and Assessing others It is getting connections and comparing what others are doing better than oneself. At the end of my career I will have to find job and to ensure easy ability to get one I should ensure I interact with many organisations through internships to get the required skills to guarantee jobs. I should also see how other students carry out their activities to be successful in their careers Identify opportunities and check strengths and weaknesses of others Having job connections after my career will mean good networking. Being competitive to the other students and getting good grades means that I have accessed and evaluated their abilities and perfected them. 4 Self-managing Self-awareness Personal power Knowing ones ability and capability As a student I should choose a career am able to achieve better results for guarantee of jobs in future. Identify ones abilities and weaknesses. Good grades will mean am aware of what am capable and I have taken the best career. 5 Creative Proactive It entails being active in doing things One of the best way to do well as a student is ensuring that am creative and innovative in my career by ensuring that am in the forefront in execution of activities. Research to be creative and innovative Great achievements in exams will mean that am active in doing things and am keen in my work. Employees and Employers Obligations Employers are required by the Australian law to ensure that the working conditions for the employees are favorable and conducive to enable them to work comfortable. The environment should be safe for workers' operations. All staff' requirement should be provided by employers to enable smooth working. Employers should categorically put in place the practical terms of the workers and supervise them in their daily activities. Aid to employees should be provided through training to enable them carry out their duties well and achieve the goals of the organization. Employers should keep employment record for solving any dispute and show employment contracts. The companies are required by law to ensure equal job opportunities to all willing and potential employees. The law requires that employers must comply with the legal regulations of the Australian law for examples pay taxes. Employers have the moral obligation of treating employees with dignity and respect. These will enhance their self-esteem and increase their morale. Happy, motivated employees work extra hard to ensure the organization achieves set goals. Remuneration of the employees is imperative to appreciate them of the services rendered. The employers should set best wages and salaries for the employees. They should also reward the efforts by the workers. These will enable them work very hard and be creative and innovative. The organization will eventually find a new market for its products hence increase the customers. The employers must have injury management mechanisms for any damage to the employees and offer employees insurance. Through creativity and innovation, the company will create a blue ocean for all its new products or services offered (Kim Mauborgne, 2004, p.71). Employees Role As employees of the company, I have several obligations both legal and moral. They include: Carry out the activities as prescribed by the employer, work to achieve the goals and interests of the workers. Never disclose the confidential information of the businesses. Ensure confidentiality of the information of the employees. Act in the utmost good faith- this is to ensure that I work as per the interests of the organization. Enable trust by the company due to better service satisfactory to them. Ensure I work carefully and employ the necessary skills in the execution of the duties of the employer. Work within the contract with the employer and follow instructions which are as per the law and reasonable. Reference Bamberger, S. (1995). The mind behind the musical ear: How children develop musical intelligence. Harvard University Press. Barry, M. (1997). Visual Intelligence: Perception, Image, and manipulation in visual communication. SUNY Press. Barry, M. S. (1997). Visual intelligence. Perception, Image, and Manipulation in Visual Communication (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1997). Brualdi, C. (1996). Multiple Bits of Intelligence: Gardner's Theory. ERIC Digest. Campbell, B., Dickinson, D. (1999). Through Multiple Intelligences. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn Bacon. Cope, D., Mayer, M. J. (1996). Experiments in musical intelligence (Vol. 12). Madison, WI: AR editions. Kim, C., Mauborgne, R. (2004). Blue ocean strategy. If you read nothing else on strategy, read these best-selling articles., 71. Mayer, D., Salovey, P., Caruso, D. R. (2000). Emotional intelligence as zeitgeist, as personality, and as a mental ability. Nolen, L. (2003). Multiple bits of knowledge in the classroom. Education, 124(1), 115. Nowak, K., Biocca, F. (1999, August). I think there is someone else here with me: The role of the virtual body in the sensation of co-presence with other humans and artificial intelligence in challenging virtual environments. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Cognitive Technology Conference. San Francisco, CA (pp. 291-302). Piechowski, M. (1997). Emotional Giftedness: The measure of intrapersonal intelligence. Handbook of gifted education, 2, 366-381. Pishghadam, R. (2009). Emotional and verbal intelligence in language learning. Iranian Journal of Language Studies, 3(1).